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Stefan Bobrowski
Stefan Bobrowski (born January 17, 1840,〔Sometimes given as 1841.〕 died April 12, 1863) was a Polish 19th-century politician and an activist for Polish independence. Bobrowski was a participant in the January Uprising and was one of the leaders 〔()〕 of the "Red" faction among the insurrectionists as a member of the Central National Committee (''Komitet Centralny Narodowy'') and the Provisional National Government (''Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy''). He advocated land reform and an end to serfdom in order to rally peasants to the cause, while at the same time he tried to ensure support of the szlachta. He also tried to establish links with potential revolutionaries within Russia who opposed the Tsar. He died in 1863 in a duel with a member of the "White" faction, Count Adam Grabowski, to which he agreed but which he was sure to lose, on account of his extreme near-sightedness.〔()〕
Bobrowski was an uncle of the writer Joseph Conrad,〔 and a possible basis for the protagonist in Conrad's ''Lord Jim''.〔()〕
==Early life==
Bobrowski was born to a Polish ''szlachta'' family in Terechowa near Berdyczów, which at the time was part of the Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). In 1852 he attended a gymnasium in Nemyriv and two years later in Saint Petersburg. In 1856 he began attending Saint Petersburg State University and studying Philosophy. During this time he established contacts with radical Russian and Polish students. In 1860 he abandoned his studies and moved to Kiev, where, while pretending to be a student, he engaged himself in political activism and joined the Triple Society (''Związek Trojnicki'');〔()〕 the name was a reference to the three parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had been taken by Russia in the Partitions of Poland but not included in Congress Poland (Volhynia, Podolia and the Kiev area). The purpose of the society was to promote an end to serfdom without compensation to the landlords in the three areas and attracting the peasants to the cause of Polish independence. However, ultimately, Polish and Ukrainian members of the society disagreed on the question of Polish and Ukrainian statehood and language, and its founder, Volodymyr Antonovych left the organization, and was replaced on the ruling committee by Bobrowski. Bobrowski organized an illegal print shop in Kiev Pechersk Lavra and oversaw the publication of the society's two newspapers ''Odrodzenie'' (Rebirth) and ''Wielkorus'' (Great-Ruthenian).〔Michael Hamm, (Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917 ), Princeton University Press, 1995, pg. 73〕 The Tsarist police found the print shop and closed it down in 1862, while Bobrowski avoided captured because the police mistakenly arrested another student with a last name "Bobrowski" (who was shortly thereafter released). He escaped to Romania. The authorities kept the case open until 1871, eight years after his death, when they finally closed it due to the "continued absence of the accused".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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